{v I j
  E< M M V  Ec Ec E |E{  V i =xE xjh E B n+ E UcE +E  Vi * +vE n V i  + =Si j E |M    | i , <B =xE  fM  UcE V * <E B Ih j E |M E Vi  +xl x jE nn E E]  M xE n+  {  |{i Ex  x i *

13.1 j E Sx
n+ E UcEi   j E Sx i i{h  * Mi j  UcE Ex { n+ E | +vE H x i* {v Ih j E Sx  E Ij { x Ei * Ij +vE x { Si  ]C]  Sx  j E |M =Si  {xi lc Ij E B x   Sx  j  {{i i *
+vE n v  p E {  UcE Vi * v UcEx  j E vE + p UcEx  j E  E Vi *   n E v   =E {x  P xE UcEi  * < E E B z-z |E E  E |M E Vi  *

13.2 vE j
vE j E J +M n E C, {J + = Sx E ij  * {J +{x   v E C  =`E  { Ei  * v E n xjh E B j  x M i * < x E  >{ E +  fE i  V v xS E +  { M * j  n E E C E fCEx xn E ni * < C  BE Uc M i  V vE E |M Ei  C E n E i i  *
vE u n UcEx E j E =E {J E Mi + j E Ji  E Sx E Mi u xji E Vi  * {J E Mi E Ex  n E UcE Vi  il Ji  j E E v Mi  Sx { n +vE UcE Vi  * <x nx Mi E x EE v E  j E Ji  UcE Ei  *
vE u n UcEx E j E =E {J E Mi + j E Ji  E Sx E Mi u xji E Vi * {J E Mi E Ex  n E UcE Vi  il Ji  j E E v Mi  Sx { n +vE UcE Vi * <x nx Mi E x EE v E  j E Ji  UcE Ei * i Si vE E C  4.5E.. iE +v E  V Ei  + < j  |inx 0.4C] Ij  v UcE Ei  *

13.3 
 n+ E P E xSi j E |i C] Ij  UcEx +E * inx   E +M-+M E * x P x n E v  UcEx   E S I j (.B..) Ei * |i C] 250] iE P UcEx  E +{ j  + < +vE P UcEx  E =SS j  Ei  * V n  Ji  n E P E UcEx , = E +x{    UcE Ex nE i  *
  n E UcE   pE n xE E Vi  * < n  n E P S x  E UcE Uc  M xV u  { {ci * P E xx-xx
n E  E xjh UcE Uc  M BE  u E Vi * S I + +{ j   E x  u Ji  Si  t{ <x n E P { n xx E |h E ]  {] <Vx u  S V Ei  *
 n  E Ex   E ]E Vi vi E x i  V  {V {{ u x 0.15 4E |i M .. iE E  n E  E* <x   n E P E ]E E ix Sl< M iE i  +  BE Sl< M E  n xx E B J Ji  * pE n   E ]E E i  + <x <E  n S  {{ |M E Vi  *  {{ ]E E +n   E  M  Ei * 10 16] , {` { n Vx  E Ji  E Si , =xE {{ l  S Vi * {  S Vx  {{ |: ={   |M Ei  Vx BE lx { JE S V* <x  E UcE Uc E n H {Ec E  { n UcEi  *  {{ 18E |i M .. iE E n  n UcE Ei  +i: Mx E >S  { UcE E B <x i{E |H E V Ei *
=SS j   E <Vx, { ]  ]C] E H  Si  * <x  E {{, BE  ix {]x  i * <x    n E ]E + {{ +M-+M lx { M i * |iE {]x n E P E ]E  SE 28E |i .. iE E n  n UcE x  Ei , Vx n H {Ec E Si * =SS j + n  <x   n E xjh  Jx E B n {E, xE + Sx  M Vi  * ]C]  S Vx  <x   n- n  ]  n ]E M i  Vx 400] n E P E BE    V Ei  * <xE UcE Uc 6.5] iE  i  + = 12 14iE UcE ]] M i * ]C]  S Vx  vE  ={v  * vE E {J   E {{ E Sx E H ]C]  M H Sh ]]  i  + n E UcE ]C] E {U  E Vi *

13.4 H Si =q UcE j
U], H Si =q UcE j  + ={v  Vx {` { n E Ji  n E P  v E UcE E V Ei * <x j E Sx E H {] <Vx  i  * <Vx u < j  M  E +ii i Mi  S Vi , V n E P E E  x E  { Mx Mi * < j u v E { n+ E  UcE V Ei  * <x UcE j  UcE ]] x Mi * j E {J E =SS Mi   +i   n E +ii I n  n ni  * <  E M E 80] |i Eb i  *

13.5 xW
=q j E +iH +x    UcE x E +i  ]] M i  V
n E P E +ii U]-U] n  ]E  E >{ Ei  * UcE Ei  xW E {v  E 30.. >{ J Vi  * UcE ]] E xW Ji: ix |E E i  * <x  { E E ME Ex Ei  *  E 2  3 E |i M .. E n  n E i E C  UcEi * < |E E xV  xE n {v E xS iE {S Vi  {xi  Sx {  E | i  * xW E n E S{] {Jx i  V {J E i v n UcEi  *  1 2E |i M .. E n  E Ei 
+ E  E < { E< | x {ci * < J{i xjh E E  |M E Vi  * xW E i E g-v Ei  *  0.5 1E |i M
.. n  E Ei  +  E Mi E < { E< | x {ci *  xW  E n  i-i E ni  *

13.6 UcE j E +xvx
UcE j E Ji  |M Ex  { =E +xvx E Vi  * <E B 100 ] <  j E SE n E UcE E j E x{ i  * n UcE E j E Ji  j Sx E Mi  {ix EE n V Ei  * xW E +E il UcE Ex E n  Ji  UcE E j E |i Ei *

13.7 P xx
UcE E B P xi  < i E vx Jx SB E n {x  { i P V * < P E V +  E E{c  UxE  j   +xl UcE ]] xn  Ei  *   n ]] xn  V i = JE  {x  v +  E {{  E  E =  ESc E xE n *   E  E <  Ex E E E x E CE < n E V x   | E VM* i <in   Up  x E CE < Up c  Ei *

13.8 vEx
Ji  n UcEi  < i E vx J E n  { x {c + =E Mv  E  E xE  V * UcE E S  E< i Jx  {x x SB x i n E V Sg Ei  * UcE {i Ex E n j E  {x  +SU i v n + ]E
  {x E j E EU n J S n, V n E E<  + j E E   S x  V* <E n l, { S <in E +SU i x  v* i i  M E x  +SU i - E x  + E{c E  v  * E{c nx E 15-20x] n  EU J  { *
xi E xn E +x  UcE j E |M + =E nJ Ex SB* =E  Vc E  |E EE J V  UcE ]] E + E lx  n ]{E   x * <E {{  - { i n + E< J x { |Ii EM  `E E *

G& {U

J{`

G& +M

- E j - MEh
- =V B Ei vx
- V E ]
- bV <Vx
- { ]
- ]C]
- Ji E i E j
- V + Jn < j
- ] {{ + xE{
- x<-Mb< j
- {v I j
-  E]< j
- j E ={M  I
- j E J-J