={M

Vx {Ex il n E {  x i

i   Vx {Ex E B x E {Ei i E ={M g  * n M E E`x< E vx  JE x i E M g  * =k|n  x i xEx  J  xx :-
|M +< Bhb + , +Mg, Vxn + , E{, xxi .{. E+{] bx x |M E{C nSc, xxi v |n  < |E E i  , Vx EU xx  :
+ b x], BC]x {x], x{, Mn*
+ b x], BC]x {x], {S, *
x{i {x] S], v, x], BC]x {x], Bhb <x, xMV,=VVx*
+ b x], BC]x {x], {lc, Uxnc,  x{i Bhb EE E{x, <n*
+E  n bM E {  {Ei x i E E ={M i * rxiE i { x  i xEx E iE xx  S]  nJ M -

Mx (CJx)
{S n  x i  x< < Mx, CJx E n |M  +i * x i { Mx  80|ii  il 16-18|ii V +l (aqueous phase) i * V +l E + M E nv {x, {x + EU Jx M |]x  x |]x  Ei * <x {B Vx  +x {nl
2-3|ii h, B, IE {nl, Mxv/n vE {nl, M EE {nl (] E]x) *
Mx xx  xx +v i GB zi 
1. Mx - i h E xvh
2. V +l E i Ex
3. ={H nx {nl E { (<x) xx
4. <x E E`Eh
5. Mx E bxn ({EM) Ex

]xM (P)
 H V +E  |Si * ]xM xx  |H  E 64|ii x i il 24|ii Vx  + E S i * E< |E E Vx {nl E xh  ]xM E ={M i * E E i+ E xh   <E ={M i * Vx E ix  UEx   <E |M i *

B ({ EE)
B {nl E u Mx  n bM  li |nx E Vi * b  EE  M`x
(]CS) v +i * Vx {nl  b Vx  +iH {nl (food additive) 
{ EE {nl E i {h lx *

lx
x i vE E  lx Mc ={i{n (< |bC]) E {  |{i i * {E i { |{i x lx  MM 35|ii x i, il 65|ii ]<b, E<b]  x {< Vi  (E, 1980)* Vx {nl  lx E u Eb  (colloidal dispersion) x Ii (wetting) SEx{ (lubrication) il {x (crystallization) xjh +i  *

x i E +Jt ={M
x E i +tME =i{n  E |M E Vi * <E ={M x, {x], x, Vx,
{]E il SEx Ex  {nl (Eh])  +x =nM  E Vi * x i E ={M bV-<vx E i |M  + Ei *  >V E BE B vx  VE +Eix {xVi E V Ei * +E E ix  < >V +vE {< Vi * x i  bV E <vx v ixiE +vx  nx  MM BE  ]x (cetane) J il >V {< M< *
x i E ={M E]x n+ E xh   E Vi *

i i x J E ={M

1. {-+
H V +E  +vE i i x E J E ={M {-+ E {  E Vi * i    < |E E J Jc n il { { E ] E xi E n Vi *  J 2|E E i * BE UE i  n UE i i * UE i J, n  J  x E V E UE E  nx  i i *

x i E +Jt ={M
H V +E  M E + E 25|ii x E i i J  * M E + E B x E UE i J {n E Vi * CE < UE H J E ix  B E { Vi  + S{S >V +vE {< Vi * M E < |E E + Jx { M E lxx E E x Mi * < Eh |: < +  hiE lxx +M  b Vi * x  |{i |]x E M E B {SEi 92|ii {< M< * CE E |]x E {SEi 94|ii il M E |]x E {SEi 89|ii {< M< * {xixM  EB MB +xvx E +v { M E + E {  x + VJ E J M E J  =k {< M< *
+ E + E {   x E J +ixi  {< M< *
H V +E  +E ={Si x E +]  x {nl E +E i { Uc E B nv E lx { |M E Vi * c Vx E B   J nE {< M< *

2. Vx v ={M
x] BC]Cx E {Si =i{z x E J/ +]  |{i |]x =i{n vhi ix |E E x Vi *

E. i i +]/ n
 +] Cx u i xEx E {Si S J  Cx E + j E n Ex  |{i i * Cx E n Ex E B { bx]<V  { bx]<V-b+b<V v E |M E Vi * < +]  E  E 50|ii |]x i * < |]x E i +vE i  +  ii +vEi: +{ii i *

J. |]x Exx]]
i i J  x B =i{n Vx E  +v { E  E 70|ii |]x , |]x
Exx]] E Vi *  i i x J  +]   E, J  EU +x Mh {nl E n E nx  |{i i * <E B Vni +E BC]x E |M E Vi *

M. |]x +<]
x |]x E  +vE {Ei { |]x +<] Ei  V E  +v { E  E 90|ii |]x {< Vi * E  E = ={Si, i i x J E ix I E l xEh Ex { |]x +<] |{i i * < G  |]x n E i +I{i  Vi * <E v E {x: E E  Vi * |]x +<] +E J E MM 30|ii  J  ix |]x E 60|ii i * vx  il <xE E =i{nx E Eh, |]x +<] x +]  |]x Exx]] E ix  M {B Vi *
<x ix |]x =i{n E xE]i xE Sx h 21.3 n M< *
={H   EU J ={M VxE i Vx  v  E hx xx |E *

1. M E +]   E S{i xx
M E +] E l i i x E +] E S{i x< V Ei * < |E E S{i E {E i { ={M  E{h E  E n iE E  Ei * x E < |E E +] S{i E {, M il n E x |i EB 10|ii iE  V Ei * B S{i  +x + E ix +SU  Vi *

2. E =i{n  ={M
E =i{n V b, E] +n E {Ei r i il {-M  +Eh |nx Ex E B i i x E +] E i {E |M E V Ei * vhi x +] E 
4-5|ii iE  {< M<  { + +xvx   nJ V SE  E +]  EU in {nl (emulsifiers) V b ] -2- C]], E ] -2- C]]  <lC]b x M<b E  E b +n xi , x E +] 12|ii iE  V Ei * <x {nl E xh  |: x +] E  Vi  {
|]x Exx]] + +<]  B V Ei *

3.  nv
{{Mi {  x E nv {h x  x Vi  { i i x E +]   nv x V Ei *  +] 80. { M {x  P Vi * <E {.BS.x. 10.0J Vi * <E +{Exph (x]V) E Vi * Uxx E {Si |{i p {nl E {.B.7.2-7.4 Vi * <, , Sx  Mv EE {nl +SU |E B Vi  + xVhEh EE nv i  xn E Vi *

4.  M] (n)
i i x E +]  x nv  n E i {nl x V Ei * <E B nv E Ehx ]{]EE l  C] Bb Vh  E Vi   v xx  S]  nJ< M< *
i i x E +]
*
x nv
* + 1-2|ii Sx
xVhEh (1210. 15x])
*
xx (<xEx)
*
(B. l + B. Bb)
*
= xjh (37., 16-18P])
*
hbh (4.)

G& {U

J{`

+x 

G& +M

- |J E
& -  E Sx
- Ji E i
- V ={S + +<
- =E
- J{i xjh
- V |v
-  Ji
- M + El
- E] + El
- E]< b<
- hbh + {hx
- ={M