Li E i
{U  E E] Vx E n ]] {]x    Ji  15 .. M BE Vi< Ex SB* Vi< E n 2-3    4-5  n  SE ]]  x x SB* +<  { {] SE  E +x xj u Ji E i E x SB* +< E  Ji J{i  E i x SB*

+<
+<  { V E EEx x, V BOx V.Bx. x,l<, +Mx-C {nl +n E u ={Si Ex +E i * E V E V {  ={Si i  +iB =   ={Si Ex E +Ei x {ci* BE C] V E ={S E B MM 250 O x {{i i * x E +SU i x E B b E |M E Vi * E V E +< E B |iE  x, |h V  |M  x SB*
=k i  V E +< E B V< E { {J ={H { M *
V E =x E E, V {Ex  +vE  i , Vn x =Si i * =nhl .B.BS. 2 il .B. BS. 3 E +< { V< iE E nx SB VE .B.BS. 1 V Q {Ex  E E +< 10  15 V< iE Ex {  ={V  E<  E< E x +i*
Vx Ij   @i Vn {i  Vi ,  Vx E +J {i iE +< E V Ei * V E +<  +vE n Ex  =Si x i, CE n  < M<  n   {EM + +M  E B Ji  { J x  {BM* <E +iH, n n iE  x i  i n  < M<  E x E E   Ii x x i *
vhi BE C]  E +< E B 12  15 EO V E +Ei {ci *  V E j V E +E, +Eh |ii il   +< E  ={li x E j { x Ei * +Si Ij  V E +Eh E  {B Vx E Eh V E j +{IEi +vE  Jx SB*
{Ih  Yi +  E +SU ={V E B BE C]  {v E E J MM BE J 50 V x SB* n {H  {H E n 45 .. il {H  +xn {v  {v E n 15 .. J VB i MM BE J 50 V {v |i C] =MB V EM* V E h V E  {v E J BE J 50 V |i C]  +vE  J V Ei , CE < {k Jc (erect)i  il {v E  E i *
{k  {k E n 45 ..Jx SB* {H  +< n  E {U Eb   x< u E V Ei *
V E V 3-4 .. E M< { x SB* n V Vn M< {  M + +< E n il +Eh  { +vE   M< i V E V +SU x i, CE  E >{ {i Jx { E Ec  Vi * < i,  +x E M  E V E =l +<  +SU i , { <E B  +i +E  E +< E    {{i j  x ={li  *
V E V +< E 5-6 nx n +Ei  Vi * n {H  V E { +Eh x + i Q  H lx  x V b nx SB* +< E 3-4 {i n {v E U]E =xE S E n MM 15 .. E nx SB*

Jn + =E
VE +SU ={V E B E |Vi  100-120 EO x<]Vx |i C] bx E +Ei {ci *  il {] E Eix j b,   E = H { x EM* xi: |i C] 50 EO  + 20 EO {] bx E +xnE E Vi * +x |Vi i 80,40  20 E.O. x<]Vx,  il {] |i C] |M Ex SB*
n Ji  VE Jn bx  i =x +xi Vi< E  Ji  J E +SU i  n*  + {]v +E E { j + x<]Vxv =E E +v j E +< E    b* n Jn il V l-l bx  x ={v  i ={H h E {H  V E {H  5-7 .. n + V E i  5 .. E M< { bx SB* +< E  Jn E h n  E {U  Ec   b V Ei * Jn bx E B Ec V E {H E M  Jx SB*
x<]Vxv =E E  +v j +< E 25-30nx n  E  Ex ({v E J E Ex) E n {H E S ]{bM u b Vi * {H  b M< Jn E E E]] SE    nx +SU i * n B x E M i Q  x E li  x<]Vxv Jn E  Vx E  i *
+Si Ij  x<]Vx E EU j {H { UcE EE  n V Ei * V E   {H { 3 |ii  E P 1000] |i C] E n  =  UcE, V {v 5-6{i E  VB* < i BE UcE  MM 13.5 EO x<]Vx  E  Vi *P +ix H Si UcE xj  BE    x<]Vx E +vE j E UbE E V Ei *
S E V E Si  E B vhih 60 EO x<]Vx |i C] nx E  E Vi , V +< E { +xi Vi< E  ]]   nx SB* {ixM  B {Ih  {i S  E n V E  E n  Vi  i 60 EO x<]Vx + n = V< E n  Vi  i 120 EO x<]Vx nx E +Ei {bi * =E E n-i< M +< E  +  x E 30-35 nx n bx SB*

S<
V E  + iE E +Si Ij   =M< Vi  * { V E =zi E  +SU ={V |{i Ex E B S< E ={H v E x +Ei * V E +SU +Eh E B +< E    {{i x x SB* n  {  x  i { nx E n V E +< Ex SB* {v E g E +l   vx Jx SB E x E E x  + E  n  {v Zx x {B* n g E +l  +Eix {x x  i S< Ex +E  Vi *  +i   V E   x E E x x SB*

V xE
V E  E +SU V-xE E +Ei {ci * V E   n E n iE {x Jc , i = xEx {Si * +iB  +E  E +<  { Ji E +SU i i x n VB* {x E xE E B Ji  40-42 ] E n { x x x SB*

J{i xjh
V E {H E S E E]] SE J{i E x] E V Ei * j u x<-Mb< Ei   vx Jx SB E Mc< 4-5 ..  M x  il {v E Ii x {Si {B* M Mc< Ex  ]] E >{ {i   < +vE Vc E E]x E  i * U] {x { J{ u  J{i E x< E V Ei *

V E l =Mx  J{i E x E B J{x x E ={Mi {  {Ih S  * B]Vx xE x E +< E 1-3 nx n 1.0 EO |i C] E   MM 700 ] {x  E UcEx  +VxE {h |{i B * x u J{i U] +l   x] E nB Vi  + < Eh   E nB Vx  {x, =E +n   x ] {i*

E] xjh
1. ix vE : <E < U] {v E M E E] ni , V  J Vi * <E |E{ +< E BE x n  + E ]] +x E  iE i * {v E g E l-l  ix  M- x i  + +xn E   E Ji * <xE El E B 0.03 |ii Bxbx P (20|ii G +) 500-600] |i C] E   UcEx SB*  UcE  E +Eh E 15 nx n Ex SB + n +E  i <E n {i n n Ex SB* n   ix vE E +Gh 
 , i {v E M  2 |ii Bbx EhEB 25 EO |i C] E   bx SB* BE M  2-3 EhE+  +vE x bx SB* EhEB bi   vx Jx SB E M { {c + J M< , +xl Bbx EhEB x E Eh {k E >{  S{E VBM + M E { V { E] G i , x {S {BM* +Ei {bx { n   Bbx EhEB {v E M  bi x SB* Bbx E lx { Bxbx ( 4|ii )E EhEB , 20-25 EO |i C] E n  b V Ei *
2. ix CJ :   E]  V E  E {v +l   x {Si * <E < =Mi B {v =Mi B {v E M E E] bi  V    {v J Vi * EU {v  M E J Vx E n  E xEi , { =x ]] n  +i  + =xE +E  U] Vi * <E El E B 10 |ii l]  ] E EhEB +<  {  +< E  Eb  15EO |i C] E   bx SB*  x {v E Vc u +i E =x {Si  + B {v Jx { <  Vi * l< -b]x (25<..) ./ . +l xG] (36 b B..)1 ./. E UcE E* E{x 3 V.20 E.O. |i . +< E   bM E {  |M E*
3. V :  E] V  ]] xEx E  xEx {Si * <E El E B 1.25 E.O. |i C] E   E 50 |ii v.S . +l <xb (35<..) 1.0 . |i C] E UcE Ex |E u + *
4. < b E]{ : <E Mb  nx E JE x] E ni  il ]]  V x ni * <E El E B b (85<..) 300.. +l xG] (36<..) 1./. E UcE E*
5. V E <] :  i  U] +]{n E] i , V {k E xS i { V xE =x E +xn E {k   Si * Oi {k  M E  Vi  il J Vi * <E El E B b<Vxx 20|i <.. 1.5-2.0./. E UcE E*
V E  E ]] Mx E   E E]< iE Sc   i xEx {Si , +iB <x  E J Ex i +E * YxE V E B E xEx E |ix E  , Vx Sc  xEx E x E  *

M xjh
1.  Eb (head smut) :  M lE <x (Sphacelotheca reiliana) xE EE  =i{z i *  <E |E{  n  Vn x { M * <E |E{ ]] xEx {  nJ< {bi , t{ < EE E Vh +Eh E   Vb  | E Vi * Vx {v   M Mi , =xE { E { {{J < |i  Vi *  E M E  Vi  il = EE E E Vh {B Vi *
<E Vh   i nx iE +EhI  Ei * +iB BE  Ji  |iE 
V E  x x SB* MOi {v E E]E V nx SB* V E =x E E x SB, Vx  M x Mi *
2 nx E Eb (grain smut) : < V E +i Eb (covered smut)  Ei *  M lE P< (Sphacelotheca sorghi) xE EE u =i{z i *  V E  xExnE M x Vi * <E |E{  ]] xEi   i * {v E g { <E E<  | x {ci*  Ji: V E u i * < EE E Vh +Eh E  Vc u {v  | Ei * ]] E Mx { nx E VM EE E E Vh  Vi * Vh   BE Ec Zn {i  fE i , VE ]x {   +E  Vi  * SE  M V u i , +i: +<  { +MxC x, V x  BOx V.Bx. u V E ={S Ex M E El E B i  ={M { M *

3. +xii Eb (loose smut) :  M lE GBx] (Sphacelotheca cruenta)xE EE  =i{z i  + Ji: V u i * <E | {v E g {  {ci  + Ji: V u i * <E | {v E g {  {ci *MOi {v E g E Vi  + =xE >S< E  Vi * {{-J E n xEx E n {i Z E ] Vx { <E Vh   =cx Mi *
< M E |E{  n  +vE x * <E El E B  V E +Mx C x, V BOx V.Bx.u V E ={S Ex M E El E B i  ={M { M *
4. +M]  E M, (ergot or sugary disease) :  M + P< (sphacelia sorghi)xE EE u =i{z i * <E |E{ E V  +vE { Vi * <E Vh  u i  + M E |E{  +i  i * {{-J { li {<EE  E M M E BE j xEi , VE n ` x E V  E] =E i +Ei i * <E El E B + iE E<  ={ x { M * MOi {v E E]E V nx SB* x](0.10|ii) E 8-10nx E +i { 2  3 UcE 50 |ii  +x { Ex  El  i i *

5.  Mx :   Mx (crown rot)  < (milo)M  Ei *  {Ex x] ( pericona circinata) xE EE u =i{z i *  M V + ]], nx E  u i * Ji:  ]] E u i * <E Vh {v  Vc u | Ei * <E + +< E MM BE x n nJ< {ci * MOi {v E g E i , {k c Vi  + {x {k E ={ M { {c Vi * M E |E{ gx { {k { E { J Vi  + {v  Vi * |E{ E x { {v  ]] i M Ei  { =x nx +SU i x {ci* <E Vh S< E {x u  Ji   Vi * xh E B V E Mv E =Mx SB* E V E ={S u < M E El x E V Ei *

6. ix Mx (stalk rot) : < SE Mx (charcol rot)M  Ei *  M Gx V+< ( Macrophomina phaseoli)xE EE  =i{z i * ixb 
]    =M< Vx  V { <E +Gh +vE { M * V <E +Gh
U] +l  i  i {v J E  Vi * b {v { <E | x {  U]  Vi ,    {  {E Vi , ix EV + JJ  Vi  + +C {v M Vi * ix E xS { E {l (pith)  EE E E M E g nJ< {ci *  M E ]] u i * xh E B Mv E  =Mx SB*

7. V Mx  {v E +M M (seed rot or seedling blight) : V E  M E< E E EE u =i{z i  Vx {l (pythium) {V (fusarium), {x (penicilium) il xl{ (Helmimthosorium) |J * < M E +Gh x {  + V c Vi  + n {v V M<  i  c Vi * E{]x (0.2 |ii) V< il l< (0.25|ii)  +Vx u V E ={S EE < M E l E V Ei *

8.  h  BxlCxV :  M E]]<E OxE (colletoricum graminicolum) xE EE  =i{z i * <E |E{ x { {k  U]  Mx v {c Vi * v E S E M E M n-] il Ex E M , Mx   i * i  < M E | E {k iE  i , { +x n   M Vc il ix   Mx {n E ni  V {v M Vi *  M V, ]] il , ix E  u  Ei * V iE V  M E x E |x , <E El +Mx-C x, V BOx V.Bx. (2.5 O | i EO) u V E ={S EE E V Ei * n il  u Gh E Ex E B   Vx  ]x (Bavistin) E 0.2 |ii P E UcE Ex SB* xh E B Mv E =Mx SB*

9. V E E]] (rust) M :  M {Cx {{ (puccinia purpurea) xE EE  =i{z i * <E +Gh Ji:   ]] +i  i * n <E +Gh ]] +x  E {  M  i nx E ={V  E E + Vi * < M E + { {v E xS {k { nJ< {ci  +  >{ E i gi * {k { nJ< {ci  +  >{ E i gi * {k {   Mx M E v {c Vi  + {k   {  J Vi * <E El E B Mv E x SB, +l b<x B-45<0.2% P E |M 2-3 ,10-15 nx E +i { Ex SB* ={H M E +iH V E {k  Mx  B +xE M , V  E xEx {S Ei * {k E Vh +M (bacterial blight), n (downy dildew), v {h v (grey leaf sports)<x  J * <xE El E B V E ={S Ex, Mv E E =Mx + MOi {v E x] Ex +E * xE {nl E UcE n <xE El Ex E B JVE xi V *
E]<
<E  +i  +C]-x  i  Vi *  {E Vx { nx E`  Vi  + =E M   nE n +l E { i Vi * V nx  x E + P]E 25|ii  E  VB, i ]] E E]< E V Ei * {xi n E] B ]] E Jx E +SU v x  i nx E EU nx + ]]   Jx nx SB* l  <E E]< i Ex SB, V nx  x E + P]E 15|ii  V* |: E V E ix
il {k ]] {E Vx E n    Vi * <B  E E]< E B =E Jx E |iI x Ex SB*
S E E]< : V  vx xE BE  M<E<b |E +l  +vE j  { Vi , <B  x E {Si  50|ii  +x {   E E]< E  E Vi * {v E ix {i + {k +vE j  x {  S {+ E B ={H x Vi *
Ec E B V {Ex  10-12nx { E] Vi * nx E { {E Vx { ix E {E-x E  Vi * E]x E n V E U]-U] f  3-4nx iE v{  J Vi * -x M Ec {+ E Jx E B i +SU x Vi *
M<
V E ]] E E]E Jx  E  E BE {i iE Jx nx SB* ]] E c<   Sx  c< j  H-Si j n E V Ei * M< +vEi n SE E Vi , Ex + EU =zi Ex m E |M  Ex M * <  E Mi , { <E B H E E i E x +E  *
+<
M< E ixi n +< E x SB* +<  n Ex { +v ix   E =cx E b i * Ex + iE +< E B  {  x i , Ex + EU Ex <E B {J E |M  Ex M *
={V
=zi v  E V E Ji Ex { +ix 3540 C] |i C] iE nx E ={V i * V E Ec E +i ={V150-160 C] |i C] i * +Si il i  E ={V i EU  E j il ih { x Ei *
E E   S E +i {n 500-600 C] + n E  {n 350-400 C] |i C] i * Ec E +i {n90  110 C] |i C] i *
bh
nx E b  Jx  { =x +SU i Jx +E * bi E Vx  nx  x E + 13|ii  +vE x x SB*

G& {U

J{`

+x 

- E
-  E Sx
- |J Mh
- Ji E i
- +<
- =E
- V |v
- J{i xjh
- M + El
- E] + El
- E]<
- bh